RICHMOND, Va (WTVR) ? Roger is a 9 week old male black kitten. He was found with his sister Kim on Belle Isle at 4 weeks old. If you?re interested in Roget call AARF at 262-9592.
Source: http://wtvr.com/2012/07/30/paws-for-pets-roger/
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![[ Back to EurekAlert! ]](http://www.eurekalert.org/images/back2e.gif){kind=small}
Public release date: 29-Jul-2012
Share ] Contact: Craig Macaulay
Craig.Macaulay@csiro.au
61-362-325-219
CSIRO Australia
A team of British and Australian scientists has discovered how carbon is drawn down from the surface of the Southern Ocean to the deep waters beneath.
The Southern Ocean is an important carbon sink in the world around 40 per cent of the annual global CO2 emissions absorbed by the world's oceans enter through this region.
Reporting this week in the journal Nature Geoscience, scientists from British Antarctic Survey (BAS) and Australia's national research agency, the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), reveal that rather than carbon being absorbed uniformly into the deep ocean in vast areas, it is drawn down and locked away from the atmosphere by plunging currents a thousand kilometres wide.
Winds, currents and massive whirlpools that carry warm and cold water around the ocean known as eddies create localised pathways or funnels for carbon to be stored.
Lead author, Dr Jean-Baptiste Salle from British Antarctic Survey says, "The Southern Ocean is a large window by which the atmosphere connects to the interior of the ocean below. Until now we didn't know exactly the physical processes of how carbon ends up being stored deep in the ocean. It's the combination of winds, currents and eddies that create these carbon-capturing pathways drawing waters down into the deep ocean from the ocean surface."
"Now that we have an improved understanding of the mechanisms for carbon draw-down we are better placed to understand the effects of changing climate and future carbon absorption by the ocean."
CSIRO co-author, Dr Richard Matear says the rate-limiting step in the anthropogenic carbon uptake by the ocean is the physical transport from the surface into the ocean interior.
"Our study identifies these pathways for the first time and this matches well with observationallyderived estimates of carbon storage in the ocean interior," Dr Matear says.
Due to the size and remote location of the Southern Ocean, scientists have only recently been able to explore the workings of the ocean with the help of small robotic probes known as Argo floats. In 2002, 80 floats were deployed in the Southern Ocean to collect information on the temperature and salinity. This unique set of observations spanning 10 years has enabled scientists to investigate this remote region of the world for the first time.
The floats are just over a metre in length and dive to depths of 2km. Today, there are over 3,000 floats in the oceans worldwide providing detailed information used in oceanic climate models.
The team also analysed temperature, salinity and pressure data collected from ship-based observations since the 1990s. The instrument used for this is called a CTD profiler which is a cluster of sensors taking measurements as it's lowered deep down into the ocean to depths of more than 7km.
###
The work was supported through the Wealth from Oceans and Australian Climate Change Science Programs, and the Australian Government's Cooperative Research Centre program.
[ | E-mail | Share ] ?
AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.
Public release date: 29-Jul-2012 Share ] Contact: Craig Macaulay
Craig.Macaulay@csiro.au
61-362-325-219
CSIRO Australia
A team of British and Australian scientists has discovered how carbon is drawn down from the surface of the Southern Ocean to the deep waters beneath.
The Southern Ocean is an important carbon sink in the world around 40 per cent of the annual global CO2 emissions absorbed by the world's oceans enter through this region.
Reporting this week in the journal Nature Geoscience, scientists from British Antarctic Survey (BAS) and Australia's national research agency, the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), reveal that rather than carbon being absorbed uniformly into the deep ocean in vast areas, it is drawn down and locked away from the atmosphere by plunging currents a thousand kilometres wide.
Winds, currents and massive whirlpools that carry warm and cold water around the ocean known as eddies create localised pathways or funnels for carbon to be stored.
Lead author, Dr Jean-Baptiste Salle from British Antarctic Survey says, "The Southern Ocean is a large window by which the atmosphere connects to the interior of the ocean below. Until now we didn't know exactly the physical processes of how carbon ends up being stored deep in the ocean. It's the combination of winds, currents and eddies that create these carbon-capturing pathways drawing waters down into the deep ocean from the ocean surface."
"Now that we have an improved understanding of the mechanisms for carbon draw-down we are better placed to understand the effects of changing climate and future carbon absorption by the ocean."
CSIRO co-author, Dr Richard Matear says the rate-limiting step in the anthropogenic carbon uptake by the ocean is the physical transport from the surface into the ocean interior.
"Our study identifies these pathways for the first time and this matches well with observationallyderived estimates of carbon storage in the ocean interior," Dr Matear says.
Due to the size and remote location of the Southern Ocean, scientists have only recently been able to explore the workings of the ocean with the help of small robotic probes known as Argo floats. In 2002, 80 floats were deployed in the Southern Ocean to collect information on the temperature and salinity. This unique set of observations spanning 10 years has enabled scientists to investigate this remote region of the world for the first time.
The floats are just over a metre in length and dive to depths of 2km. Today, there are over 3,000 floats in the oceans worldwide providing detailed information used in oceanic climate models.
The team also analysed temperature, salinity and pressure data collected from ship-based observations since the 1990s. The instrument used for this is called a CTD profiler which is a cluster of sensors taking measurements as it's lowered deep down into the ocean to depths of more than 7km.
###
The work was supported through the Wealth from Oceans and Australian Climate Change Science Programs, and the Australian Government's Cooperative Research Centre program.
[ | E-mail | Share ] ?
AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.
Source: http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2012-07/ca-ndo072912.php
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These types of facilities provide a safe recovery and treatment option for anybody that is struggling to live life sober. It's important that you don't try to over extend yourself and live alone or with family when you feel like it is going to result in a relapse and failure to recover. A halfway house or sober living facility is a great place to live where you can be surrounded by support, therapists and counselors, people in the same position as you who are struggling to recover, and lots of other benefits as well. Sober living in halfway houses are a great way to live in comfort in the Delray Beach area when you are a recovering addict.
There is no reason to be embarrassed or afraid of living in a sober living Delray Beach community. Similarly, halfway house Delray Beach communities are the same type of system and they are bull very great places to live.The 2013 year is expected to have an increase of people who were scouting out these types of communities. Partly because of the increase in people who are getting addicted to drugs, but also because more people are stepping up and trying to get sober and clean for themselves. Awareness is a big part of drug prevention. From all of the television commercials and types of promotion that are going on to raise drug awareness, people are starting to wake up and realize that they have a problem and need to get help. It's also making it easier for people to not feel so isolated.
When they see commercials on TV, they are able to relate to them and see that there must be other people out there who are in the same position as they are. These commercials provide insight and they are able to encourage drug addicts and people who are really struggling in life to get help and get sober right away. Our efforts to fight the war on drugs may not be successful, but we are making mild achievements. Halfway houses and sober living facilities are a step in the right direction and it is absolutely wonderful that these types of locations are available for addicts and people who are trying to recover.
Ultimately, 2013 should be a profitable year for these types of facilities but it is not something to celebrate. Any time somebody gets addicted to a substance, there is a huge amount of struggle that they will go through in order to recover. It also affects their family and friends significantly.
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Madonna played a 45-minute concert in Paris on Thursday night that concluded with attendees showering the stage with debris and shouting insults at the Material Girl.
Was it due to the duration of the show? To Madonna's slamming of National Front party member Marine Le Pen as a Nazi? Or was it simply an overreaction by the media?
Guess which option Madonna has chosen...
In a statement on her official website, the iconic artist has responded to the controversy with:
"Playing the Olympia was a magical moment for me and it was real treat to do this special show for my fans and be so close to them. Unfortunately at the end of the show - after I left the stage - a few thugs who were not my fans rushed the stage and started throwing plastic bottles pretending to be angry fans.
"The press reports have focused on this and not the joyous aspect of the evening. But nothing can take away or ruin this very special evening for me and my fans. When I looked out in the audience, everyone I saw had a smile on their face. I look forward to having this wonderful experience again."
Fair enough. Let's just hope she keeps all guns at home when that day comes.
Source: http://www.thehollywoodgossip.com/2012/07/madonna-blames-thugs-media-for-negative-concert-reaction/
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By NBC News
Dan Tuffs / Getty Images file
Richard Muller, physics professor, is chair of the Berkley Earth Surface Temperature project.
Global warming not only is real, but "humans are almost entirely the cause," a self-described former climate change skeptic has declared.
"Call me a converted skeptic," Richard A. Muller, University of California, Berkeley physics professor said in an opinion piece posted online Saturday in The New York Times.
Muller in October released results from the Berkeley Earth Surface Temperature (BEST) project, set up for global warming skeptics, that showed that since the mid-1950s, global average temperatures over land have risen by 0.9 degrees Celsius (1.6 degrees Fahrenheit).
In his new statement, Muller said, "Last year, following an intensive research effort involving a dozen scientists, I concluded that global warming was real and that the prior estimates of the rate of warming were correct. I?m now going a step further: Humans are almost entirely the cause."
He credited his turnaround to "careful and objective analysis" by BEST, explaining:
?Our results show that the average temperature of the earth?s land has risen by two and a half degrees Fahrenheit over the past 250 years, including an increase of one and a half degrees over the most recent 50 years. Moreover, it appears likely that essentially all of this increase results from the human emission of greenhouse gases. These findings are stronger than those of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, the United Nations group that defines the scientific and diplomatic consensus on global warming. ... ?
Watch the Top Videos on NBCNews.com
Money for the BEST study came from five foundations, including one established by Microsoft founder Bill Gates and another from the Charles Koch Charitable Foundation, set up by the billionaire coal magnate and widely seen as a source of money for conservative organizations and initiatives that have fought efforts to curb greenhouse-gas emissions.
Muller's website says the BEST findings will be released Monday.
Stay informed with the latest headlines; sign up for our newsletter
Muller said in his opinion piece he remains skeptical of some climate-change claims.
"Hurricane Katrina cannot be attributed to global warming. The number of hurricanes hitting the United States has been going down, not up; likewise for intense tornadoes. Polar bears aren?t dying from receding ice, and the Himalayan glaciers aren?t going to melt by 2035."
Related stories:
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More content from NBCNews.com:?
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Fuel Cell Today is the leading organisation for market based intelligence on the fuel cell industry. Covering key trends and developments in industry and government, Fuel Cell Today has provided relevant, unbiased and objective information allowing decision makers to take advantage of the opportunities that our new industry offers.
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Online marketing and search engine optimisation is important for ever web site and online business. As a matter of reality, an online business plus a web site will never ever be able to attract traffic if it isn?t optimized and marketed properly. If these internet websites or online business has no visitors, then that means they?ve no clients and with no customers then it?s going to be hard for them to survive lengthy in the market. That is why it is important for businesses to use the best search engine optimization services to attract many clients over the Net.
?
Why Is It Definitely Necessary?
?
Internet sites and online companies are ranked by several search engines based on their algorithm and these algorithm will think about how valuable the content material with the web site towards the query of their user along with how it could give a better browsing experience. Furthermore, a better rank is going to be favorable towards the business or the website because it could be less complicated for any possible customers to find what they were aiming for in the starting ? something that the business or the web page can offer. If the website could be simply located by search engine users, then a achievable improve in income generation is most likely to take place.
?
How These Types Of Services Function?
?
Basically the process of optimisation operates in two important ways. The first one is completing an overall analysis on the site. SEOs will need to analyse the website?s HTML code, its style in addition to any other problems that could happen to be the reason why the website has a low rank in search engine results. Upon completion of the analysis, the Seo will start the improvement of the website ? improving the appearances, the style, the HTML and every thing else that needs improvement. Web page owners or operators can also select to have added characteristics for their web-site to enhance its rankings ? new capabilities like video streams or having social media optimization.
?
The next method might be how to register the site into the databases of search engines. In order to accomplish this, SEOs will have to use the proper keywords that will be necessary to obtain a prominent position in search engines like Google, Yahoo or Bing. SEOs will have to make a proper research regarding the keywords that has to be used in optimizing the website. After the study, SEOs will decide on the best key phrases and integrate it in the website?s content material, title, sub headers, and so on. These keywords have to be also used in the domain of the website and their subsequent pages.
?
Whether or not it really is for online marketing or for developing an online presence, a site will usually be not adequate. These days, it would be strange and bad if corporations will not reap the benefits of the Internet, particularly since the Internet is known as one of the most potent tools in promoting organizations. Though there may be other marketing methods like email marketing, it could be better to invest in Search engine optimization services.
I recommend that you visit this website to learn more concerning this issue: link building service company. In the event you are looking for a blog, follow this: SEO Philippines.
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The universe is being pushed apart at a faster and faster rate. And the culprit? Dark energy. Astrophysicist Adam Riess shared the 2011 Nobel Prize in Physics for that discovery, and now's your chance to ask him about it?or anything else you've been wondering about the cosmos.
Source: http://www.npr.org/2012/07/27/157489739/ask-an-astrophysicist?ft=1&f=1007
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Today?s challenge: doing more with less. It?s easier than you think. Take a moment and see for yourself how a Document Management System can help your organization handle the basics for success: reduce costs, increase cash flow, improve customer service and save in purchasing.
The DocuWare solution stores all your documents in one common pool. This includes paper documents along with electronic documents ? created in your accounting system or with applications like Microsoft Word, Excel or Outlook. From there, they can be retrieved within seconds from any workstation to authorized users. Everything can be organized to automate the workflows in your office, meeting your organization?s needs.
The result: savings and efficiencies are seen throughout your whole organization ? directly impacting your bottom line.
Duration : 0:7:52
Source: http://kolkata-ibrad-businessmanagementschool.org/management/what-is-document-management
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(Reuters) - Chevron Corp
Second-quarter net income fell to $7.2 billion, or $3.66 per share, from $7.7 billion, or $3.85 per share, in the year-ago quarter.
The company's upstream business - oil and gas production - posted an 18 percent profit drop to $5.6 billion, while its downstream refining business saw profit jump 80 percent to $1.88 billion.
Chevron said earlier this month that industry benchmark margins on the Gulf Coast rose more than $4 per barrel to $24.89, while West Coast margins improved to $21.32 per barrel, their highest three-month average in four years.
Chevron's largest refinery is in Mississippi, with 330,000 barrels per day of capacity, while its two California plants can together refine 518,000 bpd.
Profits at larger rival Exxon Mobil Corp
Shares in Chevron rose less than 1 percent in premarket trading.
(Reporting by Matt Daily in New York and Braden Reddall in San Francisco; Editing by Gerald E. McCormick and John Wallace)
Source: http://news.yahoo.com/chevron-profits-slip-oil-price-dip-123752124--finance.html
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Shares in Facebook fell sharply in after-hours trading Thursday, despite the social network giant's posting of an adjusted quarterly profit of 12 cents per share that matched analysts forecasts in its first earnings report as a public company.
The earnings were what analysts, on average, had expected.
Its revenue grew 32 per cent to $1.18 billion US from $895 million a year ago.
That was slightly better than the consensus forecast of $1.16 billion, according to a survey by FactSet. In all of 2011, it had net income of $1 billion and revenue of $3.71 billion, according to regulatory filings.
Facebook reported after the market close Thursday. In extended trading, its shares initially rose, but soon reversed direction and were down almost nine per cent to $24.50, reaching a new low.
"Growth is still at the low end of acceptable," independent technology analyst Carmi Levy told CBC News. "We still don't know whether or not this is a one-trick pony, or if Facebook really has a plan to drive consistent growth quarter after quarter."
The company said it booked a net loss of $157 million, or eight cents per share. in the April-June period after factoring in stock compensation expenses following its IPO. That compares with earnings of $240 million, or 11 cents per share, in the second quarter a year ago.
Overall, Facebook said its revenue from advertising totalled $992 million, representing 84 per cent of total revenue and a 28 per cent increase from the same quarter last year. It did not say what percentage came from mobile.
Facebook said it had 955 million active monthly users as of June 30, up 29 per cent from a year earlier.
After months of hoopla leading up to its $38-a-share IPO on May 18, Facebook saw its stock land with a thud, its debut marred by Nasdaq glitches that delayed trading.
Facebook makes the bulk of its money from advertising. Because people share so much about themselves on the social network ? from hobbies to birth announcements ? Facebook's bet is that it can offer highly targeted ads that people are likely to be interested in.
The company also uses people's personal relationships to target advertisements. The assumption is that people will be more interested in products and services that their friends like.
Before Thursday, the Menlo Park, Calif.-based company's stock has traded in a range from $25.52 to $45 since going public. It has not risen above $38 since its first trading day.
Source: http://news.yahoo.com/facebooks-1st-earnings-report-doesnt-disappoint-204922527--finance.html
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Source: http://scoop.intel.com/ultrabook-top-12-greatest-leaps-in-technology-part-2/
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Louisiana Gov. Bobby Jindal and Virginia Gov. Bob McDonnell, two potential VP contenders, are being deployed to Iowa to campaign on behalf of Mitt Romney while he is on an overseas trip, ABC News has learned.
As first reported by the Des Moines Register, the two governors and high profile Romney surrogates will jump on the Romney campaign bus in Iowa on Thursday. McDonnell will hold an event in Davenport Thursday morning and will meet Jindal at an event at the Victory Center in Coralville in the early afternoon. Jindal then will campaign in Newton and Des Moines.
Jindal campaigned in Iowa last December ahead of the caucuses there, but for another GOP candidate - Texas Gov. Rick Perry, whom the Louisiana governor initially endorsed in the Republican primaries. Jindal endorsed Romney in April and has hit the trail in recent weeks for him, including a rally last week in Columbus.
McDonnell, who endorsed Romney one day ahead of the South Carolina primary, has campaigned for the presumptive GOP nominee in Virginia, Florida, Michigan and South Carolina.
The Romney campaign is also utilizing another high profile surrogate, Sen. Marco Rubio, R-Fla, this week while Romney is overseas on his first foreign trip of the campaign. Rubio will hold solo rallies Saturday in the swing states of Colorado and Nevada, including one at his old elementary school in Las Vegas.
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In Israel, compulsory military service has been the backbone of the beleaguered Jewish State since its founding in 1948.? All Israeli's upon reaching the age of 18 must serve a two or three year term in the Tzva Hahagana LeYisra'el ? Israel Defense Force.? However there is a fierce debate on-going regarding just who will fill these ranks.? Currently Ultra-Orthodox Jewish men are allowed exemption from military service on grounds that they will instead be pursuing religious study.
However earlier this month Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu began the process of reform that would do away with such exemptions.?? Netanyahu remarked, ?"Everyone must bear the burden. We will provide positive incentives to those who serve and negative incentives to draft dodgers."??? These actions were celebrated by reformers within Israel who argue that the defense of Israel is the duty of all its citizens.
Netanyahu's actions though have threatened to tear his government to shreds, as Kadima Party Chairman Shaul Mofaz announced on July 17th that his party would in fact vacate the coalition because of these measures.
"With great regret I must say that there is no alternative but to retire from this government," said Mofaz. "This issue is fundamentally important to us. I was determined to reach an understanding with Netanyahu, but we simply cannot carry on."
Those in the defense of the military exemptions claim that these provisions are essential to maintain the vitality of the Jewish faith and of greater Israeli culture.? Currently some 60,000 Israeli men fall under these exemption guidelines, many of which receive state funding as part of their religious studies.
Christiane Amanpour reports this week from Jerusalem on just how this divisive fight will shape the Jewish State of Israel moving forward.
Source: http://news.yahoo.com/blogs/around-the-world-abc-news/war-within-israel-215108772.html
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BIG EDUCATION APE -?MORNING WINK??AM POSTS
Schools Matter: Paul Toner and the TURNcoats: Paul Toner and the TURNcoats by Jim Horn The other day one of my colleagues here in Massachusetts asked me if I knew that out in Ohio, where they have a Republican governor and legislature, teachers are about to be evaluated based on test scores. When I responded that that was already a reality here in Massachusetts, she said flatly: When did that happen? And so now are many teachers waking up and wondering, when did that happen, especially in the bluest of states, right? This is the kind of stuff we
Big Education Ape Nite Cap 6-24-12 #SOSCHAT #EDCHAT #P2
Source: http://bigeducationape.blogspot.com/2012/07/big-education-ape-morning-wink-7-24-am.html
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BERLIN (AP) ? A Duesseldorf court has issued a split decision in a patent dispute between rivals Apple and Samsung over two of the Korean company's tablet computers.
California-based Apple sued to have sales of both the Samsung Galaxy Tab 10.1N and the Galaxy Tab 7.7 stopped.
But the Duesseldorf state court ruled Tuesday that Samsung made enough changes to the Galaxy Tab 10.1 in its 10.1N that it no longer infringes upon any Apple iPad patents or designs.
It said, however, that the back and sides of the smaller Galaxy Tab 7.7 imitated the Apple design in an "unacceptable manner" and ordered European sales stopped.
Samsung Electronics and Apple Inc. are engaged in a strategic war over patents in many countries and Samsung typically responds to such rulings with design tweaks.
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In this Dec. 11, 1998 photo, emergency personnel helping a victim of a gas explosion that killed four and leveled six buildings in downtown St. Cloud, Minn. An Associated Press investigation has found since 1968, there have been at least 270 natural gas accidents in the U.S. that could have been prevented or made less dangerous by an inexpensive valve that cuts off leaking gas. At least 67 people have been killed and more than 350 hurt. Yet nearly 90 percent of the nation's gas service lines aren't fitted with the valves. (AP Photo/The St. Cloud Times)
In this Dec. 11, 1998 photo, emergency personnel helping a victim of a gas explosion that killed four and leveled six buildings in downtown St. Cloud, Minn. An Associated Press investigation has found since 1968, there have been at least 270 natural gas accidents in the U.S. that could have been prevented or made less dangerous by an inexpensive valve that cuts off leaking gas. At least 67 people have been killed and more than 350 hurt. Yet nearly 90 percent of the nation's gas service lines aren't fitted with the valves. (AP Photo/The St. Cloud Times)
FILE - In this May 30, 1968 file photo, firefighters and volunteers dig through the wreckage of a daycare center after a bulldozer broke open a buried 1-inch pipeline that caused an explosion and fire in Hapeville, Ga. Nine people, including seven children, were killed in an explosion at the nursery when a bulldozer broke the pipeline, allowing gas to seep into the building before it ignited. Investigators said the tragedy could easily have been prevented: A simple device known as an excess flow valve, priced today at less than $20, could have cut off the escaping gas and saved those lives, federal investigators concluded. (AP Photo/File)
This undated photo provided by UMAC Inc. shows an excess flow valve. An Associated Press investigation has found since 1968, there have been at least 270 natural gas accidents in the U.S. that could have been prevented or made less dangerous by the inexpensive valve that cuts off leaking gas. At least 67 people have been killed and more than 350 hurt. Yet nearly 90 percent of the nation's gas service lines aren't fitted with the valves. (AP Photo/UMAC Inc.)
This undated photo provided by UMAC Inc. shows a worker with an excess flow valve. An Associated Press investigation has found since 1968, there have been at least 270 natural gas accidents in the U.S. that could have been prevented or made less dangerous by the inexpensive valve that cuts off leaking gas. At least 67 people have been killed and more than 350 hurt. Yet nearly 90 percent of the nation's gas service lines aren't fitted with the valves. (AP Photo/UMAC Inc.)
In this Dec. 11, 1998 photo, rescue workers remove the body of a victim of a gas explosion that killed four and leveled six buildings in downtown St. Cloud, Minn. An Associated Press investigation has found since 1968, there have been at least 270 natural gas accidents in the U.S. that could have been prevented or made less dangerous by an inexpensive valve that cuts off leaking gas. At least 67 people have been killed and more than 350 hurt. Yet nearly 90 percent of the nation's gas service lines aren't fitted with the valves. (AP Photo/The Minneapolis Star Tribune, Cheryl Diaz Meyer)
The bulldozer was clearing land outside a day care center in Hapeville, Ga., when it broke open a buried 1-inch pipeline. The escaping gas ignited into a fireball that killed nine people, including seven children settling down for their afternoon naps.
That was 1968. Since then, there have been at least 270 similar accidents across the country that could have been prevented or made less dangerous by a valve that cuts off leaking gas and costs as little as $10-$15 for homes and small businesses and $200-$300 for larger buildings, an Associated Press investigation found.
Yet nearly 90 percent of the nation's gas service lines aren't fitted with the valves. Despite persistent government recommendations, the gas industry has argued that they are unreliable and cost too much to install ? $207 million over 50 years in one industry-commissioned study, more than $1 billion in another estimate.
In the meantime, the accidents continued: Since Hapeville, at least 67 people have been killed and more than 350 hurt in accidents where the valves could have helped but weren't installed. Six people were killed in a Minnesota store blast in 1972. A 25-story Manhattan building was destroyed in 1974, injuring 70 people. Four people died and six buildings were leveled in an explosion in 1998 in St. Cloud, Minn.
"There were lives lost that did not need to be lost," said Robert Hall, deputy director of the National Transportation Safety Board, which is responsible for investigating pipeline accidents.
The NTSB recommended the valves 16 times, but only in 2009, under pressure from Congress, was a rule approved ? to make the devices mandatory only on lines leading to new, single-family homes. Now, regulators are considering expanding that to new or replaced pipelines serving millions of multifamily homes and commercial buildings. And the utilities are objecting.
"NTSB has made excess flow valves some kind of holy war where they think everything should have a valve on it," said Don Stursma, an official at the Iowa Utilities Board who sits on an advisory board to the Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration.
Pipeline agency officials say they will decide whether to push ahead with the new rules sometime next year.
The valves are designed to trip automatically when there is a break in a service line, the narrow-diameter pipes that serve individual homes and businesses. A sudden rush of escaping gas pushes a small, spring-loaded stopper inside the valve, plugging the line.
Without them, gas can leak unchecked into a building or house, pooling until an ignition source ? turning on the stove, a pilot light in the water heater, even an electrical spark from a cellphone ? triggers an explosion or fire.
The most complete government records, covering 2004 to the present, showed 187 accidents that potentially could have been avoided or mitigated, according to the AP's review.
That includes 148 cases the U.S. Transportation Department said could have been averted or diminished if valves were in place. The department released details on those accidents in response to a public records request from the AP. Applying the agency's criteria, the AP found 39 more. Another 84 cases were identified by NTSB investigators or mentioned in Transportation Department studies.
There are more than 66 million natural gas service lines in the U.S., but only about one in 10 had excess flow valves, according to the government's most recent data. Almost 46 million new service lines have been installed since 1970 ? about 39 million without excess flow valves. That's about 39 million "missed opportunities," as Hall put it.
The federal pipeline safety agency, which sets pipeline rules, announced last year that it was considering requiring the valves for multifamily dwellings and commercial buildings. The agency believes the 2009 mandate for safety valves on single-family homes "only partially addressed" the NTSB's recommendations, agency spokeswoman Jeannie Layson said in a written statement.
Before the agency decides whether to go ahead with new rules, officials want to survey companies about how much it might cost them to place excess flow valves on service lines for buildings along with new, single-family homes, Layson said.
Manufacturers and utilities say the cost per valve could be as low as $10-$15 for homes, retail businesses and restaurants. For larger buildings, such as large commercial or small industrial businesses and institutional buildings such as libraries, the cost can climb to $200-$300, according to GasBreaker Inc., a Pennsylvania-based manufacturer.
Government and industry estimates on overall costs have varied greatly:
? In 1974, consultants to the Transportation Department said installing valves on new lines was not only economically and technically feasible, but would improve public safety. They recommended more study, however.
? In 1991, an industry-commissioned study put the price tag at $207 million over 50 years to outfit new and renewed lines, an estimate that included the price of the device, its installation and the potential cost of digging up pipes to repair bad valves.
? In 1995, when Congress was debating whether to mandate the valves, an industry executive estimated the cost would top $1 billion. The proposal was dropped.
All sides in the debate agree that installing the valves retroactively would be too expensive. But NTSB's Hall said industry resistance has blocked the valves' installation even on new service lines where costs would be largely limited to the price of the device.
The American Gas Association and several other industry groups warn there are still too many unknowns, including how the valves would function in large-scale settings where demand for gas could jump in different seasons.
The association said a federal pipeline safety agency study "grossly understates the economic, technical, and operational complexities" of broadening the valves' use to large-volume customers such as hotels, restaurants and hospitals.
The association would support valves on certain larger customers that draw a fixed amount of natural gas, vice president Christina Sames wrote. She cautioned against a broader mandate, saying that schools, hospitals, restaurants and some apartments that can draw varying amounts of gas are "critical" customers where an inadvertent trip of a valve would threaten safety or hurt business.
Hall said excluding such customers would leave unprotected those places more likely to have large concentrations of people, raising the potential for greater damage in an accident.
The dispute over valves for service lines comes amid a broader debate over pipeline safety sparked by a 2010 explosion in San Bruno, Calif. that killed eight people and a blast last year in Allentown, Penn. that killed five. Those accidents also triggered calls for emergency shut-off valves, but they involved larger pipelines not covered in the government's proposed service line rules.
Individual utilities said they should be trusted to decide when and where to install the service line valves. A device manufacturer, however, said some utilities' reluctance stems from a lack of experience with the devices.
"We have sold millions of these and, if these problems were a reality, we as a manufacturer would be called to task on them," GasBreaker CEO John McGowan Jr. said.
San Francisco-based Pacific Gas & Electric Co., one of the nation's largest gas companies, has installed excess flow valves on fewer than 3 percent of its 3.4 million service lines, government data from 2011 shows.
Anthony Earley, PG&E's CEO, said he objects to widespread use of valves because customers can be inconvenienced if gas is shut off in response to a false trigger. "Once you trip a gas valve and shut off gas, you can't just turn the gas back on," he said.
The company plans to install additional valves on new or replaced lines for single-family homes in the coming years.
Steve Miner, a manager of operations at Vermont Gas Services, said the valves are impractical at schools or hospitals because they can limit gas flow, possibly "starving" large boilers or furnaces that need a steady flow to run properly. Beyond those cases, Miner said, he would have "no problem" with expanding the mandates.
"I think they are the best thing out there," Miner said. "I'm the one who has to go on these emergency calls and it's a nice feeling when you know the (excess flow valve) is on that service."
So the debate continues, and so do the questions of those who lost loved ones.
When a crew of cable installers in St. Cloud, Minn., struck a downtown gas line in 1998, the pipe leaked for 39 minutes until something ignited the gas. A pizzeria, apartment units, a law office and a bar were destroyed. Among the dead was Robert Jacobs, a gas company worker and father of two.
"I would think putting those valves on lines going to apartments or businesses would be very important, but the companies say it's too expensive," said his wife of 23 years, Jean Jacobs. "But how do you put a price tag on a life?"
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Follow Garance Burke on Twitter at ?http://twitter.com/garanceburke and reach Matthew Brown at mbrown(at)ap.org
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